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浅析业主的建筑物区分所有权/吴金成

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-07 13:24:35  浏览:8687   来源:法律资料网
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浅析业主的建筑物区分所有权

吴金成


  业主的建筑物区分所有权,是指权利人即业主对于一栋建筑物中自己专有部分的单独所有权、对共有部分的共有权以及因共有关系而产生的管理权的结合。
  业主的建筑物区分所有权将建筑物的特定部分作为所有权的标的,似乎与物权客体须为独立物,以及一物一权原则相违背。其实不然,一栋建筑物分为若干部分,业主各自拥有每部分的所有权,已成为一种普遍的社会现象,而且这样也不妨碍物权的公示,不妨碍交易的安全。认识这一点,是正确理解业主的建筑物区分所有权的前提。在实践中,我们该以什么标准来区分业主的建筑物区分所有权中专有权的客体呢?笔者认为,要从以下三个方面加以区分:
  1、该部分在构造上具有独立性,可以与其他部分相区分和隔离开来。比如,一栋建筑物里的一套住宅就属于一个独立的部分。
  2、该部分可以用来居住、工作,或者可作其他用途,在使用上具有独立性。
  3、该部分拥有独立的出入门口,无需借助其他相邻门户就可出入。
  根据物权法的规定,业主的建筑物区分所有权的内容,主要包括区分所有建筑物专有部分的单独所有权、共有部分的共有权,以及因区分所有权人的共同关系所产生的管理权。
  (一)专有部分的单独所有权,是指业主对其专有的部分享有的权利和承担的义务。专有部分是在一栋建筑物内区分出来的在构造上和使用上具有独立性住宅单元和经营性用房等其他单元。业主对该部分具有占有、使用、收益和处分的排他性支配权,不受他人的干扰,具有一般所有权的属性。同时,该专有部分与建筑物上其他专有部分密切联系,具有共同的利益,业主在行使专有部分的权利时,不得危机整栋建筑物的安全,不得损害其他业主的合法权益。
  (二)共有部分的共有权,是指业主对建筑物专有部分以外的共有部分所享有的权利和承担的义务。共有部分通常包括地基、屋顶、楼梯、走廊、电梯、给排水系统、大门、小区内的公共道路、公共绿地等。共有部分为全体业主所共有,不得分割,也不得单独转让。业主转让专有部分的所有权的,其对建筑物共有部分所享有的共有权和共同管理权也一并转让。
  (三)共同管理权,是基于业主的共有关系而产生的权利义务。他的内容主要有以下几个方面:
  1、业主有权设立业主大会并选举业主委员会。业主大会或者业主委员为的决定,对全体业主具有约束力。
  2、业主可以决定涉及区分建筑物的有关事项。比如,制定和修改业主大会议事规则、筹集和使用建筑物的维修基金,以及有关区分建筑物的其他的重大事项。
  3、业主可以自行管理建筑物,也可以委托他人代为管理。对聘请的物业不满意的,还可以更换。


作者:吴金成。
工作单位:广西荔浦县人民法院。
下载地址: 点击此处下载

境外投资外汇管理办法(附英文)

国家外汇管理局


境外投资外汇管理办法(附英文)

(1989年2月5日国务院批准)

办法
第一条 为了促进对外经济技术合作,加强境外投资外汇管理,有利于国际收支平衡,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称境外投资是指在中国境内登记注册的公司、企业或者其他经济组织(不包括外商投资企业)在境外设立各类企业或者购股、参股(以下统称境外投资企业),从事生产、经营的活动。
境外投资有关外汇事宜,依照本办法的规定执行。
第三条 拟在境外投资的公司、企业或者其他经济组织,在向国家主管部门办理境外投资审批事项前,应当向外汇管理部门提供境外投资所在国(地区)对国外投资的外汇管理情况和资料,提交投资外汇资金来源证明,由外汇管理部门负责投资外汇风险审查和外汇资金来源审查,并于三十天内作出书面审查结论。
第四条 经批准在境外投资的公司、企业或者其他经济组织(以下简称境内投资者),应当持下列材料向外汇管理部门办理登记和投资外汇资金汇出手续:
(一)国家主管部门的批准文件;
(二)外汇管理部门关于投资外汇风险审查和外汇资金来源审查的书面结论;
(三)投资项目的合同或者其他可证明境内投资者应当汇出外汇资金数额的文件。
办理前款登记和投资外汇资金汇出手续时,外汇管理部门应当对境内投资者的投资外汇资金来源进行复核。
第五条 境内投资者在办理登记时,应当按汇出外汇资金数额的5%缴存汇回利润保证金(以下简称保证金)。保证金应当存入外汇管理部门指定银行的专用帐户。汇回利润累计达到汇出外汇资金数额时,退还保证金。保证金存款的利息按照国家规定标准支付给境内投资者。
境内投资者缴存保证金确有实际困难的,可向外汇管理部门作出书面承诺,保证境外投资企业按期汇回利润或者其他外汇收益。
第六条 境内投资者来源于境外投资的利润或者其他外汇收益,必须在当地会计年度终了后六个月内调回境内,按照国家规定办理结汇或者留存现汇。未经外汇管理部门批准,不得擅自挪作他用或者存放境外。
第七条 境内投资者从境外投资企业分得的利润或者其他外汇收益,自该境外投资企业设立之日起五年内全额留成,五年后依照国家有关规定计算留成。
第八条 境外投资企业可以根据经营需要,自行筹措资金,但未经国家外汇管理局批准,其境内投资者不得以任何方式为其提供担保。
第九条 境外投资企业的年度会计报表,包括资产负债表、损益计算书,在当地会计年度终了后六个月内,由其境内投资者向外汇管理部门报送。
第十条 境外投资企业变更资本,其境内投资者应当事先报经原审批部门批准并报送外汇管理部门备案。
第十一条 境内投资者转让境外投资企业股份,应当向外汇管理部门提交股分转让报告书,并在转让结束后三十天内将所得外汇收益调回境内。
第十二条 境外投资企业依照所在国(地区)法律停业或者解散后,其境内投资者应当将其应得的外汇资产调回境内,不得擅自挪作他用或者存放境外。
第十三条 境外投资企业未按利润计划汇回利润或者其他外汇收益的,其境内投资者应当向外汇管理部门提交不能按时完成利润计划或者经营亏损的报告书。如无正当理由,外汇管理部门可从保证金中将相应比例的外汇数额结售给国家;未开立保证金帐户的,从其境内投资者的留成外汇中扣除相应数额上缴国家,但累计扣除数额不超过汇出外汇资金数额的20%。
第十四条 违反本办法第六条、第十一条、第十二条规定者,外汇管理部门应当责令境内投资者限期调回,并可按应调回资金数额的10%至20%处以外汇罚款。
违反本办法第九条、第十条规定,情节严重者,外汇管理部门对境内投资者可处以人民币十万元以下的罚款。
违反本办法其他条款规定者,依照《违反外汇管理处罚施行细则》的规定外理。
第十五条 本办法施行前已设立的境外投资企业,其境内投资者应当自本办法施行之日起六十天内,依照本办法的有关规定,向外汇管理部门补报有关材料,办理登记手续,并依照规定将外汇收益调回境内。
第十六条 本办法由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十七条 本办法自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE INVOLVEDIN INVESTMENT ABROAD

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROCEDURES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE INVOLVED
IN INVESTMENT ABROAD
(Approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China
on February 5, 1989 and promulgated by the State Administration of Foreign
Exchange Control on March 6, 1989)
Article 1
These Procedures are formulated for the purpose of promoting economic and
technological co-operation with foreign countries, strengthening the
administration of the foreign exchange involved in investment abroad and
facilitating the achievement of a balance of international payments.
Article 2
The terms "investment abroad" referred to in these Procedures means the
establishment of various kinds of enterprises abroad or the purchase of
and holding shares abroad (hereinafter collectively referred to as
"Chinese-invested enterprises abroad") by corporations, enterprises and
other economic organizations registered inside China (not including
enterprises with foreign investment) to engage in production and business
activities. Matters related to the foreign exchange involved in investment
abroad shall be governed by these Procedures.
Article 3
Corporations, enterprises or other economic organizations that intend to
make investment abroad shall, prior to going through the procedures of
application, examination and approval of investment abroad with the
competent State authorities, provide the department for control of foreign
exchange with the information on the administration exercised by the
countries (or regions) where their investment is to be over the foreign
exchange involved in investigated by foreign countries and the relevant
data, and submit to the department the certifying documents on the
source(s) of the funds in foreign exchange earmarked for investment
abroad. The department for control of foreign exchange shall be
responsible for the risk examination of the foreign exchange earmarked for
investment abroad and for the examination of the source(s) of the funds in
foreign exchange and shall present within 30 days the conclusions in
writing drawn from the examinations.
Article 4
Corporations, enterprises or other economic organizations (hereinafter
referred to as "domestic investors") that have been permitted to make
investment abroad shall handle with the department for control of foreign
exchange the procedures of registration and of remitting abroad the funds
in foreign exchange earmarked for investment abroad by presenting the
following materials:
1. the documents of approval issued by the competent State authorities;
2. the conclusions in writing drawn by the department for control of
foreign exchange from the risk examination of the foreign exchange
earmarked for investment abroad and the examination of the source(s) of
the funds in foreign exchange; and
3. the contract of the investment project or other document(s) that may
serve to certify the amount of the funds in foreign exchange that the
domestic investors shall remit abroad.
In handling the procedures of registration and of remitting abroad the
funds in foreign exchange earmarked for investment abroad as prescribed in
the first paragraph of this Article, the department for control of foreign
exchange shall re-examine the source(s) of the funds in foreign exchange
of the domestic investors.
Article 5
In going through the procedures of registration, the domestic investors
shall place a deposit as a guarantee that they shall remit the profit back
to China (hereinafter referred to as "guarantee deposit") which is equal
to 5 percent of the amount of funds in foreign exchange to be sent abroad.
The guarantee deposit shall be placed in a special account in a bank
designated by the department for control of foreign exchange. The
guarantee deposit shall be refunded when the total amount of profit
remitted back to China is equal to the amount of funds in foreign exchange
sent abroad. The interest on the guarantee deposit shall be paid to the
domestic investors in accordance with the standard rate prescribed by the
State.
If the domestic investors experience real difficulty in placing the
guarantee deposit, they may give a written commitment to the department
for control of foreign exchange that the enterprise abroad in which they
invest shall remit regularly the profit or other incomes in foreign
exchange back to China.
Article 6
The profit or other incomes in foreign exchange derived by domestic
investors from their investment abroad shall be repatriated within 6
months as of the end of the local accounting year and settled as foreign
exchange or retained as spot exchange in accordance with the pertinent
provisions of the State. Without the approval by the department for
control of foreign exchange, they may not be diverted to other uses or
kept abroad.
Article 7
The share of profit or other incomes in foreign exchange that domestic
investors receive from the enterprise abroad in which they invest shall be
retained in full in the first five years as of the date of the
establishment of the enterprise and shall be retained at a percentage
calculated in accordance with the pertinent provisions of the State as of
the end of the first five years.
Article 8
A Chinese-invested enterprise abroad may, on the basis of the need of its
business operations, raise funds on its own. But without approval by the
State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control, its domestic investors
may not provide guarantee for it by any means.
Article 9
The annual accounting statements of a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad,
including the statement of assets and liabilities and the statement of
loss and profit, shall, within 6 months as of the end of the local
accounting year, be submitted by its domestic investors to the department
for control of foreign exchange.
Article 10
If a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad is to make changes in its capital,
its domestic investors shall apply in advance to the original examining
and approving authorities for approval and the changes shall be reported
to the department for control of foreign exchange for the record.
Article 11
If domestic investors are to transfer the shares of stock of the
enterprise abroad in which they invest, they shall submit to the local
department for control of foreign exchange a report for the transfer
thereof and shall repatriate the incomes in foreign exchange thus obtained
within 30 days after the completion of the transfer.
Article 12
If a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad terminates its business operations
or is dissolved in accordance with the laws of the country (or region) in
which it is located, its domestic investors shall repatriate the assets in
foreign exchange that they are entitled to obtain and may not divert them
to other uses or keep them abroad without authorization.
Article 13
If a Chinese-invested enterprise abroad fails to remit back to China their
profit or other incomes in foreign exchange in accordance with their
profit plan, its domestic investors shall submit to the department for
control of foreign exchange a report on their failure to fulfil their
profit plan on schedule or on the losses sustained in business operations.
If they fail to offer sufficient justification, the department for control
of foreign exchange may deduct from their guarantee deposit a
corresponding proportion of foreign exchange and sell it to the State. If
the domestic investors have not opened a guarantee deposit account, the
department for control of foreign exchange shall deduct from their
retained foreign exchange a corresponding amount and turn it over to the
State, but the total amount deducted shall not exceed 20 percent of the
amount of the funds in foreign exchange that has been remitted abroad.
Article 14
If domestic investors violate the provisions in Articles 6, 11 and 12, the
department for control of foreign exchange shall order them to repatriate
the foreign exchange involved within a prescribed period of time and may
impose a fine amounting from 10 percent up to 20 percent of the amount
that should be repatriated.
If domestic investors violate the provisions in Articles 9 and 10 to a
serious extent, the department for control of foreign exchange may impose
on them a fine of Renminbi 100,000 yuan or less.
Violators of the other provisions of these Procedures shall be dealt with
in accordance with the provisions of the Rules for the Implementation of
Penalties on Violations of Foreign Exchange Control.
Article 15
The domestic investors of the Chinese-invested enterprise abroad
established before these Procedures go into effect shall, within 60 days
starting from the day on which these Procedures go into effect and in
accordance with the relevant provisions of these Procedures, approach the
department for control of foreign exchange to make up for the submission
of the relevant materials and go through the procedures of registration
and shall repatriate their incomes in foreign exchange in accordance with
the relevant provisions.
Article 16
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control shall be responsible
for the interpretation of these Procedures.
Article 17
These Procedures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


关于转发《山西省人民政府办公厅关于贯彻落实城市生活垃圾处理收费制度有关问题的通知》的通知

建设部


关于转发《山西省人民政府办公厅关于贯彻落实城市生活垃圾处理收费制度有关问题的通知》的通知

建办城[2003]34号

各省、自治区建设厅,直辖市建委,北京、重庆市政管委,天津市容委,新疆生产建设兵团建设局:

  现将《山西省人民政府办公厅关于贯彻落实城市生活垃圾处理收费制度有关问题的通知》转发你们。各地要根据《关于实行城市生活垃圾处理收费制度,促进垃圾处理产业化的通知》(计价格[2002]872号)和《关于印发推进城市污水、垃圾处理产业化发展意见的通知》(计投资[2002]1591号)要求,参考山西等地已经发布的垃圾处理收费管理制度,抓紧制定本地的垃圾处理收费政策,尽早开展垃圾处理费的征收工作。要通过建立垃圾处理收费制度,促进垃圾处理产业化进程,尽快提高垃圾处理水平。

中华人民共和国建设部办公厅
二○○三年六月十日

山西省人民政府办公厅关于贯彻落实城市生活垃圾处理收费制度有关问题的通知

晋政办发[2003]5号

吕梁地区行政公署,各市、县人民政府,省直各委、办、厅、局:

  为加快我省生活垃圾处理步伐,提高垃圾处理质量,根据国家发展计划委员会、财政部、建设部、国家环境保护总局《关于实行城市生活垃圾处理收费制度促进垃圾处理产业化的通知》(计价格[2002]872号)精神,经省人民政府同意,现将我省关于贯彻落实城市生活垃圾处理收费制度有关问题通知如下:

  一、尽快建立生活垃圾处理收费制度

  建立生活垃圾处理收费制度,是环境保护的重要经济手段。一方面可以有效增强人民群众的环境卫生意识,另一方面也可以提高我省生活垃圾处理能力和水平,进一步改善生态环境,促进可持续发展。因此,各城市人民政府一定要充分认识生活垃圾处理收费制度的重要意义,根据当地实际情况,对辖区内的生活垃圾处理收费制度工作进行安排和部署。

  设市城市要力争在2003年上半年实施生活垃圾处理收费制度,2003年底前要在全省范围内实施此项制度。生活垃圾处理收费制度实施后,各级地方财政应继续保持对生活垃圾处理方面的投入,加快建设符合国家标准的生活垃圾处理设施,提高生活垃圾处理水平。

  二、合理制定生活垃圾处理费标准

  城市生活垃圾是指城市人口在日常生活中或为城市日常生活提供服务的活动产生的固体废物,以及法律、行政法规规定,视为城市生活垃圾的固体废物(包括建筑垃圾和渣土,不包括工业废物和危险废物)。所有产生生活垃圾的国家机关、企事业单位(包括交通运输工具)、个体经营户、社会团体、城市居民和城市暂住人口等,均应按规定缴纳生活垃圾处理费。生活垃圾处理费的具体收费标准,由各级城市人民政府价格主管部门会同建设(环境卫生)行政主管部门制定,报同级人民政府批准后执行,并报省物价局、省建设厅备案。

  生活垃圾处理费属经营服务性收费,在制定生活垃圾处理费标准时应遵循以下原则:

  (一)生活垃圾处理费标准应根据当地生活垃圾处理实际水平,按照补偿生活垃圾收集、运输和处理的实际成本,合理盈利的原则核定。生活垃圾收集、运输和处理成本主要包括运输工具费、材料费、动力费、维修费、设施设备折旧费、人工工资及福利费和税金。

  (二)生活垃圾处理费收取后,应取消与生活垃圾处理相关的其他收费项目。已实施物业管理收费的,在物业管理收费标准中应扣除已计入生活垃圾处理收费的相关项目。生活垃圾处理费与工业废物垃圾处理费不得相互重复计收。严禁擅自增加收费项目,提高收费标准。

  (三)积极推进垃圾分类收集,鼓励废物回收和综合利用。

  (四)生活垃圾处理费应本着简便、有效、易操作的原则,按不同的收费对象采取不同的计费方法,充分考虑当地的经济发展水平和居民承受能力,并区别不同情况,逐步到位。

  (五)制定、调整生活垃圾处理费标准要实行价格听证会制度,并确保听证会的科学性、公开性、公证性和代表性。

  三、强化生活垃圾处理费的征收管理工作

  作为经营服务性质的收费,生活垃圾处理费应由环卫企业向产生生活垃圾的单位和个人收取,但鉴于现有的住房状况和垃圾收运方式,以及我省生活垃圾处理设施均由城市政府投资建设、维护和运行,生活垃圾处理作业尚未进入市场,没有形成完全意义上的生活垃圾处理企业的实际,目前对生活垃圾处理费实行由各城市环卫行政主管部门负责组织征收,城市建设行政主管部门负责对收费资金进行监督。为方便用户交费,提高收费率,有条件的城市可设立专门收费机构直接收取,所需经费按有关规定进行核定,从生活垃圾处理费中列支;也可委托物业管理、银行等有管理或服务职能的单位,与房费、水费、电费、煤气费等一并征收,也可委托街道办事处、乡镇或其它社区组织代收。代收单位可以按照有关规定提取一定比例的代收手续费。

  要严格生活垃圾处理费征收制度,任何单位和部门不得擅自减免生活垃圾处理费,确保做到足额征收。对于严重亏损的企业,经当地人民政府批准后可以缓交生活垃圾处理费,但不得免交,缓交期限最多不超过6个月,逾期不交的应按日加收一定比例滞纳金,对缓交企业应予以公告;对下岗自谋职业者和城市下岗职工、失业人员及低保对象,各地要根据实际情况制定和实行减免政策。

  四、严格生活垃圾处理费的使用管理工作

  生活垃圾处理费全部用于支付生活垃圾收集、运输和处理费用,不得挪作它用。生活垃圾处理费应设立资金专户管理,由城市环卫行政主管部门按合同约定划拔给生活垃圾收集、运输和处理企业(单位),用于生活垃圾的收集、运输和处理。需建设生活垃圾处理设施的城市,在项目立项后,收取的生活垃圾处理费经县级以上人民政府批准,可用于补充生活垃圾处理设施的建设费用,但项目必须在三年内建成,并投入使用。为全面推进全省生活垃圾处理设施的建设和管理工作,各城市要将生活垃圾处理费收费总和(税前)的10%按季上缴省建设厅,此项资金将全额用于省内生活垃圾处理设施建设工程的补助、生活垃圾处理科学技术研究和全省生活垃圾处理的管理工作。

  五、做好生活垃圾处理收费的相关工作,促进生活垃圾处理产业化

  (一)进一步转变各级建设(环境卫生)行政主管部门的职能。要改变目前对生活垃圾处理行业直接管理的模式,把政府主管部门的工作重点转移到体制和机制的改革创新、法规、政策、服务标准及作业定额的制定、处理规模的预测和规划编制指导、市场的监管和引导方面,切实保障公众利益和社会稳定,为生活垃圾处理的产业化发展提供必要的指导、监督和服务。

  (二)放开环境卫生作业市场,建立市场准入制度。各级建设(环境卫生)行政主管部门要积极推进环境卫生行业改革,放开环境卫生作业市场,并实行市场准入制度。环境卫生企业进入环境卫生作业市场要经严格审查,符合条件方可进入。环境卫生作业任务要以授权委托经营或招投标方式,择优确定城市垃圾收集、运输、处理的运营企业承担,市场准入的具体办法由省建设厅另行下发。

  (三)加快环境卫生行业转制工作。现有从事垃圾收集、运输和处理作业的事业单位要抓紧脱钩改制工作,改制成独立的企业法人,改制后要成为环境卫生市场平等竞争主体。在行业转制中,应充分考虑现有职工队伍的特点,照顾弱势群体的利益。

  六、加强生活垃圾处理费征收工作的宣传引导

  各地要从维护社会稳定的高度出发,加大对征收生活垃圾处理费的宣传力度,利用各类新闻媒介,大力宣传征收城市生活垃圾处理费对改善城市生态环境,促进可持续发展的重要意义,同时也要让人民群众充分认识到“谁污染、谁付费”是当前乃至今后改善城市环境的一项根本措施,通过广泛深入的宣传工作,提高人民群众自觉交费的意识,保证生活垃圾处理工作的顺利进行。

山西省人民政府办公厅
二○○三年二月十二日




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